糜子愈伤诱导及再分化最适条件研究

研究旨在应用组织培养技术探究愈伤诱导及再分化的最适条件,以期为糜子建立遗传转化体系奠定基础。采用5个糜子品种研究愈伤诱导及再分化的最适条件。利用植物激素2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)诱导茎尖愈伤组织,筛选出发芽率高、愈伤组织诱导率高、染菌率低的品种,并对诱导愈伤最适激素浓度及配比进行了鉴定。结果显示,‘冀黍2号’出芽率高、愈伤组织诱导率高、染菌率低,适宜进行组织培养;2,4-D对‘冀黍2号’愈伤诱导效果最好,最适浓度为2.5 mg/L,诱导率达86.67%,淡黄色块状,结构紧密,质地较硬,继代培养后形成的胚性愈伤组织状态更好。再分化过程中,2.5 mg/L 2,4-D+3.5 mg/L TDZ时,出现明显的嫩芽。该试验获得‘冀黍2号’愈伤诱导及再分化的最适条件,可为糜子再生体系的构建提供参考。     

Characterization and pathogenicity of six Cytospora strains causing stem canker of wild apple in the Tianshan Forest,China

Cytospora species are capable of causing destructive cankers of stems belonging to a wide range of woody plant species. In severe cases, cankers may lead to dieback of twigs and branches. Little is known about the Cytospora species causing canker disease of wild apple (Malus sieversii) trees in the Wild Fruit Forest Reserve in Tianshan Forest, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. In this study, six Cytospora isolates belonging to two species were isolated from cankerous lesions of wild apple twigs. Based on multi‐locus phylogenetic analysis using three DNA markers (ITS, tef1‐α and tub2) and morphological characterization, these isolates were identified as Cytospora mali and Cytospora parasitica. Temperature trials (15, 20, 25 and 30°C) showed that the optimal growth temperature for six isolates was 25°C. At a variety of temperatures, C. mali isolates tended to grow faster than isolates of C. parasitica, with the C. mali isolate, EGI1 performing better than others with regard to growth rate. Morphological observations showed that these species exhibited a single locule without conceptacles, and the conidia length was 3–5 μm. In vitro inoculation trials of twigs and leaves of M. sieversii seedlings revealed that the C. mali isolates were highly virulent phytopathogenic fungi, whereas the C. parasitica isolates were less virulent. The isolate EGI1 was the most virulent isolate among the six isolates. This paper presents the first report of pathogenic Cytospora spp. of the M. sieversii Tianshan Wild Fruit Forest Reserve of Yili, Xinjiang in China. It will aid in the understanding of how apple tree cankers are induced and provide disease management guidelines for M. sieversii forest conservation.     

不同行距配比对玉米光合生理指标及茎秆特性的影响

以‘大丰30’为试验材料,在同一密度下（75000株/hm²）设置5种不同行距配比,研究不同行距配比对玉米光合生理指标及茎秆力学特性的影响。结果表明：行距配比为40 cm×80 cm时,棒三叶的叶绿素含量(SPAD)在灌浆期达到峰值;行距配比为30 cm×90 cm时,棒三叶净光合速率在灌浆期最高。大口期开始,行距配比为40 cm×80 cm时,叶面积指数(LAI)最高。单株干物质积累量以40 cm×80 cm最高。各行距配比的茎秆硬皮穿刺强度与茎秆弯曲性能随着节位的下降均呈逐渐增强的趋势,从大到小为 40 cm×80 cm>50 cm×70 cm>30 cm×90 cm>60 cm×60 cm>20 cm×100 cm。穗长、穗粗、千粒重和穗粒数各处理间均有不同变化,行距配比为40 cm×80 cm时产量最高,比等行距60 cm×60 cm增产7.96%。由此可见,行距配比为40 cm×80 cm,有利于大穗型品种‘大丰30’的光合性能和茎秆强度的提高,从而达到抗倒伏增产的目的。     

基于纳米碳添加的减量施肥模式对寒地水稻产量及氮肥效率的影响

为解决减量施肥造成北方寒地水稻肥料供给不足和产量低的问题,以纳米碳增效剂为材料,采用仪器快速检测和植株常规测定分析方法,研究纳米碳添加的常规施肥和减量施肥模式对水稻产量性状和肥料利用效率的影响。结果表明：与常规施肥(CK)相比,纳米碳添加的常规施肥模式(SM-A)、减施氮肥10%(SM-B)和减施氮肥20%(SM-C)对水稻植株形态特征、光合生理特性、产量性状和肥料利用效率产生显著的影响,其中以SM-B增幅最大,SM-A次之,SM-C最小;SM-A、SM-B和SM-C增加经济效益分别为563.56、1374.20和-1391.08元/hm ²,以SM-B增效值最高。本研究表明,SM-B能改善生育期光合生理特性,提高植株产量和肥料利用效率,是寒地水稻较为理想的减量施肥安全利用模式。     

Basal internode elongation of rice as affected by light intensity and leaf area

Short basal internodes are important for lodging resistance of rice(Oryza sativa L.).Several canopy indices affect the elongation of basal internodes,but uncertainty as to the key factors determining elongation of basal internodes persists.The objectives of this study were(1)to identify key factors affecting the elongation of basal internodes and(2)to establish a quantitative relationship between basal internode length and canopy indices.An inbred rice cultivar,Yinjingruanzhan,was grown in two split-plot field experiments with three N rates(0,75,and 150 kg N ha−1 in early season and 0,90,and 180 kg N ha−1 in late season)as main plots,three seedling densities(16.7,75.0,and 187.5 seedlings m−2)as subplots,and three replications in the 2015 early and late seasons in Guangzhou,China.Light intensity at base of canopy(Lb),light quality as determined from red/far-red light ratio(R/FR),light transmission ratio(LTR),leaf area index(LAI),leaf N concentration(NLV)and final length of second internode(counted from soil surface upward)(FIL)were recorded.Higher N rate and seedling density resulted in significantly longer FIL.FIL was negatively correlated with Lb,LTR,and R/FR(P<0.01)and positively correlated with LAI(P<0.01),but not correlated with NLV(P>0.05).Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that FIL was strongly associated with Lb and LAI(R2=0.82).Heavy N application to pot-grown rice at the beginning of first internode elongation did not change FIL.We conclude that FIL is determined mainly by Lb and LAI at jointing stage.NLV has no direct effect on the elongation of basal internodes.N application indirectly affects FIL by changing LAI and light conditions in the rice canopy.Reducing LAI and improving canopy light transmission at jointing stage can shorten the basal internodes and increase the lodging resistance of rice.     

不同种植密度对3个小豆品种植株形态及产量的影响

采用两因素随机区组设计,以直立型小豆品种冀红20、冀红21和唐红201602为材料,分析6个种植密度对不同小豆品种植株形态特征及产量性状的影响。结果表明,品种和种植密度对小豆形态特征和产量性状的影响较大;底荚高度和第一节间长随着密度的增加而增加,主茎节数、主茎分枝数、单株结荚数、单荚粒数和百粒重随着种植密度的增加而减小,产量随种植密度的增加呈先增加后减少趋势;相同品种不同种植密度间和相同种植密度不同品种间的产量差异极显著（F值分别为49.36、99.35）,品种与种植密度互作对产量的影响差异显著（F=3.91）。种植密度与株高、底荚高度呈极显著正相关,与第一节间长呈正相关,与茎粗、主茎分枝数和主茎节数呈极显著负相关。增加种植密度可增加小豆株高、底荚高度和第一节间长,有效减少主茎分枝数,有利于机械化收获。     

不同基质活性炭对阿特拉津吸附特性研究

为了解决阿特拉津给土壤带来的污染问题以及寻找吸附效果较好的活性炭基质,本研究利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术检测了阿特拉津溶液和悬浮液经煤、木、果和竹质4种生物炭处理后的残留量,并对其在阿特拉津溶液和土壤中的吸附动态进行检测。结果表明,煤质活性炭对初始浓度为100 mg/L和10 mg/L的阿特拉津溶液和悬浮液的吸附效果较好,其吸附率为5.651%~68.42%;当阿特拉津初始浓度为100 mg/L时,煤质活性炭在40 min时对阿特拉津溶液的吸附率高达23.49%;与对照组相比,当阿特拉津的初始浓度为100 mg/L时,土壤中阿特拉津经煤质活性炭处理42天后的残留浓度最低,活性炭吸附率达到91.39%。综上,煤质活性炭能有效降解溶液及土壤中阿特拉津含量,这将为阿特拉津污染土壤的改良研究奠定基础。     

湖南省粮食产量波动的影响因素分析及预测

旨在维护国家稳定,为预判粮食生产前景、提高粮食生产效率、保障粮食安全提供理论依据。利用湖南省统计数据,运用灰色关联分析法筛选关联性较强的影响因素,并建立GM(1,N)预测模型预测粮食产量。2008—2017年与湖南省粮食产量关联度最大的影响因素是粮食作物播种面积和农业机械总动力;科技因素是影响2008—2017年湖南省粮食产量的主要因素,其次是自然因素,社会因素;2018—2027年湖南省粮食产量有较小波动,且农业机械总动力和财政农业支出影响较大;农业机械总动力在前后十年对粮食产量都有较重要的影响,越来越占据主导地位。粮食产量受国家政策的影响,受农业机械总动力影响最大,维持产量水平需高度重视农业机械化水平,稳步提高粮食作物播种面积。     

植物体铅的亚细胞分布与化学形态特征测定方法改进

为了提高植物体铅的亚细胞分布和化学结合形态特征的测定精度,以铺地黍为研究对象,利用不同提取方法测定其根部铅的分布特征,对重金属提取过程中植物取材质量与提取液体积之间的比例关系进行量化研究,改进重金属提取流程方法。结果显示,在确定植物取材重量时,其研磨后的植物材料体积与提取液总体积之间的比例为1:5时,各化学结合态提取效果比较理想,铅的回收率高达97.69%。铺地黍根部铅亚细胞分布的F2组分电热板消解的最适消煮温度和时间为：在250℃下消煮0.5 h,之后在145℃下消煮2 h的提取效果最佳,其残渣态铅含量约为0 μg/g,整体回收率高达98.38%。改进后的方法提高了测定的精度,节省测定时间,为植物体其他重金属的亚细胞分布和化学结合态测定方法改进提供参考。     

硅对水稻生长的影响及其缓解镉毒害机理研究进展

为研发高效硅肥和防治农田镉污染提供借鉴资料,本文综述了施加硅肥对水稻生长发育的影响,包括提高水稻产量和品质,增强抗倒伏、抗病虫害及干旱等逆境的能力,尤其是增强抗镉毒害等能力。并从生理学机制和土壤学机制两方面重点分析了施加硅肥对缓解镉毒害作用的可能机理。生理学机制方面：硅通过参与水稻的生理代谢活动,使水稻抗氧化系统酶的活性和清除自由基的能力增强;抑制镉的吸收及其在水稻体内的运输;硅与镉在水稻体内的螯合和区隔作用。土壤学机制方面：硅肥改变土壤理化性质,降低土壤中有效态镉的含量;硅镉吸附沉淀作用,减少水稻对镉吸收。最后针对硅肥的开发利用及技术推广提出展望。